However, the larger 107 mm cannon that had undergone acceptance trials in 1941 was no longer implementable due to lack of shell production facilities. The IS series relied on the chassis of the proposed KV-13 "heavy medium" tank, but eventually introduced improved armour layout schemes and an 85 mm gun (hence the original design was the IS-85) - which quickly came to be considered insufficient for a heavy tank that engages targets head-on, due to the introduction of the Tiger I, and ended up used on the T-34/85. The development of the Iosif Stalin series started as an attempt to further refine the Kliment Voroshilov (KV) line of heavy tanks, which proved almost invulnerable early in the war, but were notoriously under-armed and cumbersome compared to newer German developments.
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